Preface
Section 1: Preliminaries
Unit 1: Translation Strategies and Procedures
Exercise 1. 1
TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
Literal and Free Translation
Communicative and Semantic Translation
Formal and Dynamic Equivalence
Covert and Overt Translation
Direct and Oblique Translation
Interlinear Translation
Gist Translation
Adaptation
Version
Exercise 1. 2
TRANSLATION PROCEDURES
Borrowing or Loanword
Calque
Literal Translation
Transposition
Modulation
Équivalence
Adaptation
Exercise 1 .3
TASK
References
Unit 2: Approaches to Translating Texts
LINGUISTICS-BASED APPROACH
Exercise 2. 1
FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
Exercise 2 .2
CULTURAL APPROACH
Exercise 2. 3
TASK
References
Unit 3: Text Types and Translation
ANALYZING TEXT TYPES
Exercise 3. 1
Exercise 3. 2
TEXT TYPOLOGIES IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
TASK
References
Unit 4: Persian Editing
STRUCTURE
Exercise 4. 1
SPELLING
Frequently Used Morphemes
Space and Half-space
PUNCTUATION
Commas
Semicolons
Quotation Marks
Exercise 4. 2
TASK
References
Unit 5: English Editing
GRAMMAR
Subject-verb Agreement
Exercise 5. 1
Dangling Modifiers
Wrong Parallelism
Exercise 5. 2
Sentence Fragments
Run-on Sentences
PUNCTUATION
Commas
Semicolons
Dashes
Exercise 5. 3
VOCABULARY AND SPELLING
Exercise 5. 4
TASK
References
Project Descriptions
Section 2: Translating Informative Texts
Unit 6: Translating Encyclopedic Texts
LINGUISTIC CONVENTIONS
Exercise 6. 1
OTHER CONVENTIONS
Exercise 6. 2
Exercise 6 .3
OBJECTIVITY
TASK
References
Unit 7: Translating Academic Texts
TEXT-TYPOLOGICAL CONVENTIONS AND
TRANSLATIONAL CONCERNS
Organization
Diction
Exercise 7. 1
Tenses
Exercise 7. 2
Modality
Exercise 7. 3
Exercise 7. 4
OBJECTIVITY
Exercise 7. 5
TASK
References
Unit 8: Translating News Stories
SOFT NEWS VERSUS HARD NEWS
Exercise 8. 1
Exercise 8. 2
STRUCTURE OF NEWS STORIES
Headline
Lead
Body
Exercise 8. 3
NEWS, IDEOLOGY, AND TRANSLATION
Diction
Transitivity
Modality
Exercise 8. 4
TASK
References
Unit 9: Translating User Manuals
TEXT-TYPOLOGICAL CONVENTIONS
Exercise 9. 1 184
Exercise 9. 2 186
TRANSLATING ENGLISH USER MANUALS
Exercise 9. 3
LOCALIZATION
TASK
References
Unit 10: Translating Recipes
TEXT-TYPOLOGICAL CONVENTIONS
Exercise 10 1
Exercise 10 2
TRANSLATION CHALLENGES
Measurements
Ingredients
Kitchen Tools, Gadgets, and Cookware
LOCALIZATION
TASK
References
Project Descriptions
English-Persian Glossary
References
Index